Hungarian Geniuses

Hungary has always been a ‘hotbed’ of technological excellence. Over the last century a disproportionally large number of inventions were conceived by Hungarians, or 1st-generation Hungarian emigrants. Some of these in no particular order among many others: holography, color television, the ballpoint pen, the helicopter, the moon rover, the automatic gearbox, the carburetor, nuclear engineering, the binary computer, full length motion pictures, the California wine industry, safety matches, the Ford model T and on and on. All the brainchildren of Hungarians.

Many among them loyally served their immediate and broader communities and made great contributions to grand endeavors, such as Joseph Pulitzer, after whom the Pulitzer Prize was named, who bought New York World magazine and made himself wealthy and successful, what would today be called a Media mogul. It was about this time that France gifted the USA with one of its premier symbols of freedom, the Statue of Liberty. New York city did not underwrite the assembly and erection of the unique monument. That is when Pulitzer created a fund to collect contributions for its construction, publishing the name of every contributor in his by that time successful and popular magazine. The result can still be seen today, and the rest, as they say, is history.

Some of the many notable Hungarian pioneers, inventors, and geniuses from various fields are seen below. Simply click on the thumbnail images or turn the pages to explore their contributions to our modern society.

Joseph Pulitzer

(1847 – 1911)

Publisher.

Pulitzer was a Hungarian-American newspaper publisher of the St. Louis Post Dispatch and the New York World.
Pulitzer introduced the techniques of ‘new journalism’ to the newspapers he acquired in the 1880s. He became a leading national figure in the Democratic Party and was elected Congressman from New York.

He crusaded against big business and corruption. In the 1890s the fierce competition between his World and William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal caused both to fight for wider appeal; it opened the way to mass circulation newspapers that depended on advertising revenue and appealed to readers with multiple forms of news, entertainment and advertising.

(1847 – 1911)

Publisher.

Pulitzer was a Hungarian-American newspaper publisher of the St. Louis Post Dispatch and the New York World.
Pulitzer introduced the techniques of ‘new journalism’ to the newspapers he acquired in the 1880s. He became a leading national figure in the Democratic Party and was elected Congressman from New York.

He crusaded against big business and corruption. In the 1890s the fierce competition between his World and William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal caused both to fight for wider appeal; it opened the way to mass circulation newspapers that depended on advertising revenue and appealed to readers with multiple forms of news, entertainment and advertising.

Joseph Pulitzer

Ágoston Haraszthy

(1812 – 1869)

Hungarian-American traveler, writer, town-builder, and pioneer winemaker in Wisconsin and California.

He is often referred to as the “Father of California Viticulture,” or the “Father of Modern Winemaking in California”. One of the first men to plant vineyards in Wisconsin, he was the founder of the Buena Vista vineyards (now Buena Vista Carneros) in Sonoma, California, and an early writer on California wine and viticulture. He was the first Hungarian to settle permanently in the United States and only the second to write a book about the country in his native language. He is remembered in Wisconsin as the founder of the oldest incorporated village in the state. He also operated the first commercial steamboat on the upper Mississippi River. In San Diego he is remembered as the first town marshal and the first county sheriff. In California he introduced more than three hundred varieties of European grapes.

 

(1812 – 1869)

Hungarian-American traveler, writer, town-builder, and pioneer winemaker in Wisconsin and California.

He is often referred to as the “Father of California Viticulture,” or the “Father of Modern Winemaking in California”. One of the first men to plant vineyards in Wisconsin, he was the founder of the Buena Vista vineyards (now Buena Vista Carneros) in Sonoma, California, and an early writer on California wine and viticulture. He was the first Hungarian to settle permanently in the United States and only the second to write a book about the country in his native language. He is remembered in Wisconsin as the founder of the oldest incorporated village in the state. He also operated the first commercial steamboat on the upper Mississippi River. In San Diego he is remembered as the first town marshal and the first county sheriff. In California he introduced more than three hundred varieties of European grapes.

 

Ágoston Haraszthy

Charles Simonyi

(1948 – )

Hungarian-American computer executive, space tourist.

As a computer software executive who, as head of Microsoft’s application software group, oversaw the creation of Microsoft’s flagship Office suite of applications. He now heads his own company,International Software, with the aim of developing and marketing his concept of international programing.

In April 2007, aboard the Soyuz TMA-10, he became the fifth space tourist and the second Hungarian in space.
In March 2009, aboard Soyuz TMA-14, he made a second trip to the International Space Station.
His estimated net worth is over a 1 billion USD.

Invented: WYSIWYG, Hungarian notation convention (which was part of his doctoral thesis).

Credited with: Bravo (1970), Microsoft Multiplan, Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel.

(1948 – )

Hungarian-American computer executive, space tourist.

As a computer software executive who, as head of Microsoft’s application software group, oversaw the creation of Microsoft’s flagship Office suite of applications. He now heads his own company,International Software, with the aim of developing and marketing his concept of international programing.

In April 2007, aboard the Soyuz TMA-10, he became the fifth space tourist and the second Hungarian in space.
In March 2009, aboard Soyuz TMA-14, he made a second trip to the International Space Station.
His estimated net worth is over a 1 billion USD.

Invented: WYSIWYG, Hungarian notation convention (which was part of his doctoral thesis).

Credited with: Bravo (1970), Microsoft Multiplan, Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel.

Charles Simonyi

Andrew Grove

(1936 – ) (born András Gróf)

Hungarian-born American businessman, engineer, and author.

He is a science pioneer in the semiconductor industry. He escaped from Communist-controlled Hungary at the age of 20 and moved to the United States, where he finished his education. He later became the co-founder and CEO of Intel Corporation and helped transform the company into the world’s largest manufacturer of semiconductors. As a result of his work at Intel and his books and professional articles, Grove had a considerable influence on the management of modern electronics manufacturing industries worldwide.

(1936 – ) (born András Gróf)

Hungarian-born American businessman, engineer, and author.

He is a science pioneer in the semiconductor industry. He escaped from Communist-controlled Hungary at the age of 20 and moved to the United States, where he finished his education. He later became the co-founder and CEO of Intel Corporation and helped transform the company into the world’s largest manufacturer of semiconductors. As a result of his work at Intel and his books and professional articles, Grove had a considerable influence on the management of modern electronics manufacturing industries worldwide.

Andrew Grove

Peter Carl Goldmark

(1906 – 1977)

Engineer.‘Father of color television’.

 In 1936, he joined CBS Laboratories, where he developed a technology for color televisions. The system was first demonstrated on August 29, 1940, and used a rapidly rotating color wheel that alternated transmission in red, green and blue. He spent the next two decades at CBS Laboratories working on various inventions.

Invented: technology for color television (1936).

Credited with: EVR (Electronic Video Recorder).

(1906 – 1977)

Engineer.‘Father of color television’.

 In 1936, he joined CBS Laboratories, where he developed a technology for color televisions. The system was first demonstrated on August 29, 1940, and used a rapidly rotating color wheel that alternated transmission in red, green and blue. He spent the next two decades at CBS Laboratories working on various inventions.

Invented: technology for color television (1936).

Credited with: EVR (Electronic Video Recorder).

Peter Carl Goldmark

Dennis Gábor

(1900 – 1979)

Physicist.

In 1971, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of holography. Gabor published his theories of optical imaging and holography in a series of papers between 1946 and 1951. He also researched how human beings communicate and hear.

The International Society for Optical Engineering presents its Dennis Gabor award annually.

 

Invented: holography.

(1900 – 1979)

Physicist.

In 1971, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of holography. Gabor published his theories of optical imaging and holography in a series of papers between 1946 and 1951. He also researched how human beings communicate and hear.

The International Society for Optical Engineering presents its Dennis Gabor award annually.

 

Invented: holography.

Dennis Gábor

Ernő Rubik

(1944 – )

Architect, game planner, inventor.

A brilliant logical games inventor. He turned his inventions into multi-million dollar enterprises. Now, Rubik is a valued member of Hungarian society.

Invented: Rubik’s Cube (1974).

(1944 – )

Architect, game planner, inventor.

A brilliant logical games inventor. He turned his inventions into multi-million dollar enterprises. Now, Rubik is a valued member of Hungarian society.

Invented: Rubik’s Cube (1974).

Ernő Rubik

Laszlo Josef Biro

(1899 – 1985)

Inventor. ‘Father of the ballpoint pen and inventor of the automatic gearbox’.

He – with his brother – created the first usable ballpoint pen and successfully marketed it internationally. He also designed the first automatic gearbox for automobiles.

Invented:the modern ballpoint pen (1938), Biro Pens of Argentina (1943), the automatic gearbox.

 

(1899 – 1985)

Inventor. ‘Father of the ballpoint pen and inventor of the automatic gearbox’.

He – with his brother – created the first usable ballpoint pen and successfully marketed it internationally. He also designed the first automatic gearbox for automobiles.

Invented:the modern ballpoint pen (1938), Biro Pens of Argentina (1943), the automatic gearbox.

 

Laszlo Josef Biro

Theodore von Kármán

(1881 – 1963)

Aeronautical engineer, mathematician. ‘Father of Supersonic Flight’.

Hungarian-American mathematician, aerospace engineer and physicist who was active primarily in the fields of aeronautics and astronautics. He is responsible for many key advances in aerodynamics, notably his work on supersonic and hypersonic airflow characterization. He is regarded as the outstanding aerodynamic theoretician of the twentieth century.

He was one of the creators of scientific fluid mechanics. Co-founded the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

Invented: first helicopter able to maintain hovering flight (though on a tether), first rocket to reach interstellar space.

Credited with: theories of non-elastic buckling, unsteady wakes in circum-cylinder flow, stability of laminar flow, turbulence, airfoils in steady and unsteady flow, boundary layers, supersonic aerodynamics, additional contributions (in the fields of elasticity, vibration, heat transfer and crystallography).

(1881 – 1963)

Aeronautical engineer, mathematician. ‘Father of Supersonic Flight’.

Hungarian-American mathematician, aerospace engineer and physicist who was active primarily in the fields of aeronautics and astronautics. He is responsible for many key advances in aerodynamics, notably his work on supersonic and hypersonic airflow characterization. He is regarded as the outstanding aerodynamic theoretician of the twentieth century.

He was one of the creators of scientific fluid mechanics. Co-founded the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

Invented: first helicopter able to maintain hovering flight (though on a tether), first rocket to reach interstellar space.

Credited with: theories of non-elastic buckling, unsteady wakes in circum-cylinder flow, stability of laminar flow, turbulence, airfoils in steady and unsteady flow, boundary layers, supersonic aerodynamics, additional contributions (in the fields of elasticity, vibration, heat transfer and crystallography).

Theodore von Kármán

Edward Teller

(1908 – 2003) (born Ede Teller)

Theoretical physicist. ‘The Father of the Hydrogen Bomb’.

He was an early member of the Manhattan Project. During this time he made a serious push to develop the first fusion-based weapons.

From 1945, he became member of the Reactor Safety Commission. In 1947, he was appointed head of the organization.

Co-founder, director and associate director of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL).

Teller received the Albert Einstein Prize in 1958. In 1962, he received the Enrico Fermi Prize for his role in thermonuclear research and in national security, as well as for some other contributions in chemistry and physics. Moreover, he was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1982.

 

Invented: fusion-based weapons.

(1908 – 2003) (born Ede Teller)

Theoretical physicist. ‘The Father of the Hydrogen Bomb’.

He was an early member of the Manhattan Project. During this time he made a serious push to develop the first fusion-based weapons.

From 1945, he became member of the Reactor Safety Commission. In 1947, he was appointed head of the organization.

Co-founder, director and associate director of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL).

Teller received the Albert Einstein Prize in 1958. In 1962, he received the Enrico Fermi Prize for his role in thermonuclear research and in national security, as well as for some other contributions in chemistry and physics. Moreover, he was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1982.

 

Invented: fusion-based weapons.

Edward Teller

Eugene Wigner

(1902 – 1995)

Physicist.

He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1963) for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles. In 1972, he got the Albert Einstein Award, as well.

Wigner co-developed the atomic bomb, and he was responsible for the Manhattan Project idea and the letter to President Roosevelt that inspired it. Official recognition of his work in nuclear research includes the US Medal for Merit, presented in 1946. He also received the Enrico Fermi Prize in 1958, and shared the Atoms for Peace Award (1960) with Leó Szilárd.

 

Invented: Nuclear Engineering, atomic bomb (co-developer).

Credited with: design of nuclear reactors, progress of nuclear science.

(1902 – 1995)

Physicist.

He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1963) for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles. In 1972, he got the Albert Einstein Award, as well.

Wigner co-developed the atomic bomb, and he was responsible for the Manhattan Project idea and the letter to President Roosevelt that inspired it. Official recognition of his work in nuclear research includes the US Medal for Merit, presented in 1946. He also received the Enrico Fermi Prize in 1958, and shared the Atoms for Peace Award (1960) with Leó Szilárd.

 

Invented: Nuclear Engineering, atomic bomb (co-developer).

Credited with: design of nuclear reactors, progress of nuclear science.

Eugene Wigner

John Charles Harsanyi

(1920-2000)

Hungarian-American economist. 

He is best known for his contributions to the study of game theory and its application to economics, specifically for his developing the highly innovative analysis of games of incomplete information, so-called Bayesian games. He also made important contributions to the use of game theory and economic reasoning in political and moral philosophy (specifically utilitarian ethics) as well as contributing to the study of equilibrium selection. For his work, he was a co-recipient along with John Nash and Reinhard Selten of the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics.

(1920-2000)

Hungarian-American economist. 

He is best known for his contributions to the study of game theory and its application to economics, specifically for his developing the highly innovative analysis of games of incomplete information, so-called Bayesian games. He also made important contributions to the use of game theory and economic reasoning in political and moral philosophy (specifically utilitarian ethics) as well as contributing to the study of equilibrium selection. For his work, he was a co-recipient along with John Nash and Reinhard Selten of the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics.

John Charles Harsanyi

John von Neumann

(1903 – 1957)

Legendary mathematician. ‘He created the fundamentals of modern computer technology’.

Neumann was a pioneer of the application of operator theory to quantum mechanics (using Neumann algebra). Manhattan Project member.

Invented: key steps in the nuclear physics (with Edward Teller and Stanislaw Ulam), Neumann’s principle.

Credited with: major contributions to vast range of fields (quantum physics, functional analysis, set theory, topology, economics, computer science, numerical analysis, the hydrodynamics of explosions, statistics and many other mathematical fields), game theory, and concepts of cellular automata and the universal constructor.

(1903 – 1957)

Legendary mathematician. ‘He created the fundamentals of modern computer technology’.

Neumann was a pioneer of the application of operator theory to quantum mechanics (using Neumann algebra). Manhattan Project member.

Invented: key steps in the nuclear physics (with Edward Teller and Stanislaw Ulam), Neumann’s principle.

Credited with: major contributions to vast range of fields (quantum physics, functional analysis, set theory, topology, economics, computer science, numerical analysis, the hydrodynamics of explosions, statistics and many other mathematical fields), game theory, and concepts of cellular automata and the universal constructor.

John von Neumann

György Oláh

(1927 – )

Chemist .

In 1994, he received a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his contribution to the carbocation chemistry. Oláh’s discoveries helped give the world more effective oil refining and lead-free gasoline, and have enabled scientists to make plastics and other petroleum-based products with less damage to the environment.

 

Invented: new ways of using the ingredients of oil and natural gas, modification of hydrocarbons with superacids.

(1927 – )

Chemist.

In 1994, he received a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his contribution to the carbocation chemistry. Oláh’s discoveries helped give the world more effective oil refining and lead-free gasoline, and have enabled scientists to make plastics and other petroleum-based products with less damage to the environment.

 

Invented: new ways of using the ingredients of oil and natural gas, modification of hydrocarbons with superacids.

György Oláh

Oscar Asbóth

(1881 – 1960)

Engineer, helicopter and aeronautics pioneer.

He was only 18 when he built his first glider, pulled up into the air by a motorcycle. Later on, during his military service at a military factory near Vienna, he was in charge of propeller testing. Asbóth constructed and tested some 1500 propellers in the wind tunnel of the factory.
A decade later he built his first helicopter, powered by a 9-cylinder 120 HP engine, propelled by two wooden propellers, each 4.35 meters in diameter and placed parallel to above each other rotating in opposite direction. His model ‘AH-1’ took off on September 9, 1928. For its maiden flight, after reaching 1100 RPM, the helicopter swiftly took off, stopped at ten meters, but then hovered for some ten minutes and then smoothly descended.

He has received many awards but – as usual at the time – he was recognized much more in foreign countries than in his homeland.

(1881 – 1960)

Engineer, helicopter and aeronautics pioneer.

He was only 18 when he built his first glider, pulled up into the air by a motorcycle. Later on, during his military service at a military factory near Vienna, he was in charge of propeller testing. Asbóth constructed and tested some 1500 propellers in the wind tunnel of the factory.
A decade later he built his first helicopter, powered by a 9-cylinder 120 HP engine, propelled by two wooden propellers, each 4.35 meters in diameter and placed parallel to above each other rotating in opposite direction. His model ‘AH-1’ took off on September 9, 1928. For its maiden flight, after reaching 1100 RPM, the helicopter swiftly took off, stopped at ten meters, but then hovered for some ten minutes and then smoothly descended.

He has received many awards but – as usual at the time – he was recognized much more in foreign countries than in his homeland.

Oscar Asbóth

János Selye

(1907 – 1982)

Physician, endocrinologist, researcher.‘The Einstein of Medicine’.

Pioneer in research into stress. In 1926, he started to develop his now-famous theory of the influence of stress on people’s ability to cope with and adapt to the pressures of injury and disease. He discovered that patients with a variety of ailments manifested many similar symptoms, which he ultimately attributed to their bodies efforts to respond to the stresses of being ill. He called this collection of symptoms stress syndrome, or general adaptation syndrome (GAS). He wrote some 30 books and more than 1,500 articles on stress and related problems.

 

Invented: the concept of stress, GAS.

(1907 – 1982)

Physician, endocrinologist, researcher.‘The Einstein of Medicine’.

Pioneer in research into stress. In 1926, he started to develop his now-famous theory of the influence of stress on people’s ability to cope with and adapt to the pressures of injury and disease. He discovered that patients with a variety of ailments manifested many similar symptoms, which he ultimately attributed to their bodies efforts to respond to the stresses of being ill. He called this collection of symptoms stress syndrome, or general adaptation syndrome (GAS). He wrote some 30 books and more than 1,500 articles on stress and related problems.

 

Invented: the concept of stress, GAS.

János Selye

Mihály Csíkszentmihályi

(1934 – )

Psychologist and educator.

Csikszentmihalyi is best-known for his theory of flow, which he outlined in his seminal 1990 book Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. According to Csikszentmihalyi, people are happy when they are in a state of flow. He describes flow as ‘being completely involved in an activity for its own sake.’

His ideas have influenced people in business, government, education, sport and the arts.

Credited with: contributions to psychology.

(1934 – )

Psychologist and educator.

Csikszentmihalyi is best-known for his theory of flow, which he outlined in his seminal 1990 book Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. According to Csikszentmihalyi, people are happy when they are in a state of flow. He describes flow as ‘being completely involved in an activity for its own sake.’

His ideas have influenced people in business, government, education, sport and the arts.

Credited with: contributions to psychology.

Mihály Csíkszentmihályi

Kálmán Tihanyi

(1897 – 1947)

Physicist.

His most important inventions concerned the design of the cathode ray tube for television. Tihanyi patented his fully electronic television system in 1926 (the final iteration in 1928). In 1934, RCA purchased his patents.

He also dealt with ultrasound technology during and after WW II. Between 1940 and 1944, he worked on a high-pressure sonic device, effective at a range of 5-8 kilometers against agricultural pests.

Invented: The picture tube (Iconoscope), infrared-sensitive (night vision) television, the flat TV tube (1939).

(1897 – 1947)

Physicist.

His most important inventions concerned the design of the cathode ray tube for television. Tihanyi patented his fully electronic television system in 1926 (the final iteration in 1928). In 1934, RCA purchased his patents.

He also dealt with ultrasound technology during and after WW II. Between 1940 and 1944, he worked on a high-pressure sonic device, effective at a range of 5-8 kilometers against agricultural pests.

Invented: The picture tube (Iconoscope), infrared-sensitive (night vision) television, the flat TV tube (1939).

Kálmán Tihanyi

Rudolf Emil Kálmán

(1930 – )

Mathematician. Established the fundamentals of modern GPS navigation.

He was the developer of the Kálmán Filter. He made the greatest discovery in statistics in the 20th century. Kálmán filtering is also the method used in modern GPS (Global Positioning Systems) for navigation. Kálmán contributed to control theory and to applied mathematics as well as engineering in general.

Honors: among many others, the Kyoto Prize (1985), The American Mathematical Society’s Steele Prize (1986).

(1930 – 2016)

Mathematician. Established the fundamentals of modern GPS navigation.

He was the developer of the Kálmán Filter. He made the greatest discovery in statistics in the 20th century. Kálmán filtering is also the method used in modern GPS (Global Positioning Systems) for navigation. Kálmán contributed to control theory and to applied mathematics as well as engineering in general.

Honors: among many others, the Kyoto Prize (1985), The American Mathematical Society’s Steele Prize (1986).

Rudolf Emil Kálmán

Harry Houdini

(1874 – 1926) (born Erik Weisz)

Actor, pioneer pilot. The ‘Greatest Magician and Illusionist on Earth’.

He fascinated audiences with his great escapes and illusions for decades. Houdini is the one magicians aspire to. He was honored as first to fly a plane in Australia and also has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his film career.

(1874 – 1926) (born Erik Weisz)

Actor, pioneer pilot. The ‘Greatest Magician and Illusionist on Earth’.

He fascinated audiences with his great escapes and illusions for decades. Houdini is the one magicians aspire to. He was honored as first to fly a plane in Australia and also has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his film career.

Harry Houdini

Joseph Galamb

(1881 – 1955)

Ford Chief Engineer. ‘Father of the Model T Ford, the first affordable, assembly-line production car’.

He was one of the most talented technical forebears in American automotive industry. In 1937, he was appointed as chief constructor at Ford.

Invented and Designed: ‘Model T’ Ford (1908), ‘Model A’ Ford (1927), Fordson Tractor, ignition plug, planetary gearbox.

Credited with: production of Liberty aircraft engines, designing ambulance vans and light tanks during World War I

(1881 – 1955)

Ford Chief Engineer. ‘Father of the Model T Ford, the first affordable, assembly-line production car’.

He was one of the most talented technical forebears in American automotive industry. In 1937, he was appointed as chief constructor at Ford.

Invented and Designed: ‘Model T’ Ford (1908), ‘Model A’ Ford (1927), Fordson Tractor, ignition plug, planetary gearbox.

Credited with: production of Liberty aircraft engines, designing ambulance vans and light tanks during World War I

Joseph Galamb

Ferenc Pavlics

 (1928 – )

Mechanical engineer, developer for NASA Apollo Lunar rover.

After leaving Hungary, Pavlics worked from 1957 in the General Motors Research Division. Later for the NASA JPL and Boeing Aerospace Corporation he started the development of the Lunar Roving Vehicle.

In 1971 Apollo 15 carried the first lunar rover to the Moon. In 1972 Apollo 16 then Apollo 17 also carried a lunar rover. All three vehicles remained on the Moon.

In 1971 Pavlics got a NASA Award for the success of the Apollo program.

Later he participated in the development of hybrid and fuel cell driven vehicles and in the development of the electric bus network of Santa Barbara.

 (1928 – )

Mechanical engineer, developer for NASA Apollo Lunar rover.

After leaving Hungary, Pavlics worked from 1957 in the General Motors Research Division. Later for the NASA JPL and Boeing Aerospace Corporation he started the development of the Lunar Roving Vehicle.

In 1971 Apollo 15 carried the first lunar rover to the Moon. In 1972 Apollo 16 then Apollo 17 also carried a lunar rover. All three vehicles remained on the Moon.

In 1971 Pavlics got a NASA Award for the success of the Apollo program.

Later he participated in the development of hybrid and fuel cell driven vehicles and in the development of the electric bus network of Santa Barbara.

Ferenc Pavlics

Albert Szent-Györgyi

(1893 – 1986)

Biochemist, physician.

In 1937, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion process with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid. He was the first to isolate vitamin C, which he found in abundance in Hungarian paprika.

His early research at Groningen concerned the chemistry of cell respiration. Szent-Györgyi demonstrated the existence of a reducing substance in plant and animal tissues. He noted the anti-scorbutic activity of ascorbic acid.

 

Discovered: isolation of vitamin C (1932) and P (1936), catalytic function of the C4-dicarboxylic acids, flavin, biological activity and vitamin nature of flavanone (vitamin P).

(1893 – 1986)

Biochemist, physician.

In 1937, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion process with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid. He was the first to isolate vitamin C, which he found in abundance in Hungarian paprika.

His early research at Groningen concerned the chemistry of cell respiration. Szent-Györgyi demonstrated the existence of a reducing substance in plant and animal tissues. He noted the anti-scorbutic activity of ascorbic acid.

 

Discovered: isolation of vitamin C (1932) and P (1936), catalytic function of the C4-dicarboxylic acids, flavin, biological activity and vitamin nature of flavanone (vitamin P).

Albert Szent-Györgyi

Leó Szilárd

(1898 – 1964)

Physicist.

He was the catalyst of the Manhattan Project. Szilárd conceived the nuclear chain reaction and campaigned for nuclear disarmament, although he was the first to consider the application of the atom to making bombs. He had numerous joint patents with Einstein.

With Eugene Wigner, he convinced Einstein, the scientific community and President Roosevelt to start the Manhattan Project.

Einstein’s 1939 letter to Roosevelt was ghostwritten by Szilárd. This letter started the Nuclear Age.

Invented: nuclear chain reaction, nuclear reactor, atomic bomb (co-developer), first sustained nuclear fission reaction (with Enrico Fermi).
The modern absorbtion refrigerator (1927).

(1898 – 1964)

Physicist.

He was the catalyst of the Manhattan Project. Szilárd conceived the nuclear chain reaction and campaigned for nuclear disarmament, although he was the first to consider the application of the atom to making bombs. He had numerous joint patents with Einstein.

With Eugene Wigner, he convinced Einstein, the scientific community and President Roosevelt to start the Manhattan Project.

Einstein’s 1939 letter to Roosevelt was ghostwritten by Szilárd. This letter started the Nuclear Age.

Invented: nuclear chain reaction, nuclear reactor, atomic bomb (co-developer), first sustained nuclear fission reaction (with Enrico Fermi).
The modern absorbtion refrigerator (1927).

Leó Szilárd

Tivadar Puskás

(1844 – 1893)

Inventor, telephone pioneer.

Thomas Edison’s colleague. He was the first to propose the ides of the telephone exchange. His idea finally became reality in Boston (1877).

Invented: the switchboard, the telephone exchange, the telephonograph, Telephone News.

Credited with: Europe’s first telephone exchange.

(1844 – 1893)

Inventor, telephone pioneer.

Thomas Edison’s colleague. He was the first to propose the ides of the telephone exchange. His idea finally became reality in Boston (1877).

Invented: the switchboard, the telephone exchange, the telephonograph, Telephone News.

Credited with: Europe’s first telephone exchange.

Tivadar Puskás

Zoltán Bay

(1900-1992)

Physicist, developer.

He was the first to use radar to take measurements on the Moon and developed the Light Meter. He also developed several patents in the field of high voltage gas discharge tubes,fluorescent and vacuum tubes. As a George Washington University professor he defined the ‘light meter’. In 1983 his new definition for the meter was accepted. He also achieved considerable success in the physics of active gases and worked out a new method of fast atom counting. He demonstrated the universal system of measuring time by experiment, thus proving Einstein’s idea of space time.

(1900-1992)

Physicist, developer.

He was the first to use radar to take measurements on the Moon and developed the Light Meter. He also developed several patents in the field of high voltage gas discharge tubes,fluorescent and vacuum tubes. As a George Washington University professor he defined the ‘light meter’. In 1983 his new definition for the meter was accepted. He also achieved considerable success in the physics of active gases and worked out a new method of fast atom counting. He demonstrated the universal system of measuring time by experiment, thus proving Einstein’s idea of space time.

Zoltán Bay

Ányos István Jedlik

(1800 – 1895)

Inventor, engineer, physicist, Benedictine monk. ‘Unsung Father of the Dynamo’.

From 1858 he was a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and from 1873 was an honorary member. The first electromotor (1828) made by him, and Jedlik’s operating instructions, are kept at the Museum of Applied Arts in Budapest. The motor still works perfectly. In the 1850s he conducted optical and wave-mechanical experiments, and at the beginning of the 1860s he constructed an excellent optical grate.

Jedlik was ahead of his contemporaries in his scientific work, but he did not speak about his most important invention (the dynamo) until 1856. It was not until 1861 that he mentioned it in writing in a list of inventory of the university!

Invented: the electromotor, the dynamo, the carbonated water (soda water).

(1800 – 1895)

Inventor, engineer, physicist, Benedictine monk. ‘Unsung Father of the Dynamo’.

From 1858 he was a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and from 1873 was an honorary member. The first electromotor (1828) made by him, and Jedlik’s operating instructions, are kept at the Museum of Applied Arts in Budapest. The motor still works perfectly. In the 1850s he conducted optical and wave-mechanical experiments, and at the beginning of the 1860s he constructed an excellent optical grate.

Jedlik was ahead of his contemporaries in his scientific work, but he did not speak about his most important invention (the dynamo) until 1856. It was not until 1861 that he mentioned it in writing in a list of inventory of the university!

Invented: the electromotor, the dynamo, the carbonated water (soda water).

Ányos István Jedlik

Ottó Titusz Bláthy

(1860 – 1939)

Electrical engineer.

Father of the electric transformer, the tension regulator, the watt meter, the alternating current motor, the turbo generator and high-efficiency turbo generator. By the end of the 19th century, many Italian current-generating plants were operated by his automatic mercury voltage regulator.

Invented: automatic mercury voltage regulator for direct-current dynamos (1884).

Credited with: high-precision watt meters, alternating current transformer (1885).

(1860 – 1939)

Electrical engineer.

Father of the electric transformer, the tension regulator, the watt meter, the alternating current motor, the turbo generator and high-efficiency turbo generator. By the end of the 19th century, many Italian current-generating plants were operated by his automatic mercury voltage regulator.

Invented: automatic mercury voltage regulator for direct-current dynamos (1884).

Credited with: high-precision watt meters, alternating current transformer (1885).

Ottó Titusz Bláthy

Miksa Déri

(1854 – 1938)

Hydraulic engineer.

Engineer, director and Austrian representative of the Ganz factory. From 1889, he organized and equipped the electric power station in Vienna. His brush-type motors were mass-produced and used all over the world.

Invented: AC electric generator (with Károly Zipernowsky), the transformer (with Ottó Bláthy and Károly Zipernowsky, 1885), repulsion motor.

Credited with: the compensated DC machine (1898-1902), designing of the Danube and Tisza river control systems (1878-1882).

(1854 – 1938)

Hydraulic engineer.

Engineer, director and Austrian representative of the Ganz factory. From 1889, he organized and equipped the electric power station in Vienna. His brush-type motors were mass-produced and used all over the world.

Invented: AC electric generator (with Károly Zipernowsky), the transformer (with Ottó Bláthy and Károly Zipernowsky, 1885), repulsion motor.

Credited with: the compensated DC machine (1898-1902), designing of the Danube and Tisza river control systems (1878-1882).

Miksa Déri

Kálmán Kandó

(1869 – 1931)

Engineer, inventor. ‘Father of the electric locomotive’.

He is known as the father of the electric train. Under his leadership, the Ganz factory began work on three-phase hauling for railways. Based on their design, the Italian Valtellina railway line was electrified, which became Europe’s first electrified main railway line.

Invented: high-voltage three-phase alternating current motors and generators for electric locomotives, rotary phase converter.

(1869 – 1931)

Engineer, inventor. ‘Father of the electric locomotive’.

He is known as the father of the electric train. Under his leadership, the Ganz factory began work on three-phase hauling for railways. Based on their design, the Italian Valtellina railway line was electrified, which became Europe’s first electrified main railway line.

Invented: high-voltage three-phase alternating current motors and generators for electric locomotives, rotary phase converter.

Kálmán Kandó

Mária Telkes

(1900 – 1996)

Chemist, engineer. ‘Mother of the Solar Home’, the ‘Sun Queen’ and ‘world’s most famous woman inventor in solar energy’.

Between 1939 and 1953 she was at Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a research associate in metallurgy. It was at MIT that she became known for her research in solar energy. The first experimental house using solar heating was built under her supervision in 1948. She designed a number of dwellings that harness solar energy and obtained approximately 20 patents.

Invented: the solar oven, distillation equipment, portable desalination of seawater on life rafts, heat storage, cold storage.

(1900 – 1996)

Chemist, engineer. ‘Mother of the Solar Home’, the ‘Sun Queen’ and ‘world’s most famous woman inventor in solar energy’.

Between 1939 and 1953 she was at Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a research associate in metallurgy. It was at MIT that she became known for her research in solar energy. The first experimental house using solar heating was built under her supervision in 1948. She designed a number of dwellings that harness solar energy and obtained approximately 20 patents.

Invented: the solar oven, distillation equipment, portable desalination of seawater on life rafts, heat storage, cold storage.

Mária Telkes

Károly Zipernowsky

(1853 – 1942)

Engineer, ‘AC electronics pioneer’.

Founder of heavy-current electrical engineering. In 1878, András Mechwart (managing director of the Ganz factory) entrusted him with organizing their electricity department, i.e. to develop the power industry in Hungary. Under his leadership, the Ganz factory soon became the pioneer in AC electronics. In 1883, the National Theatre of Budapest was fitted with lights by Ganz: this was the first alternating current, incandescent lighting system in Hungary. One of their AC generators, the ‘giant steam lighting machine’ illuminated the Keleti Railway Station for 30 years.

Invented: transformer and the AC energy distribution system (with Miksa Déri and Ottó Bláthy, 1889).

Credited with: economical transmission and distribution of light to long distances.

(1853 – 1942)

Engineer, ‘AC electronics pioneer’.

Founder of heavy-current electrical engineering. In 1878, András Mechwart (managing director of the Ganz factory) entrusted him with organizing their electricity department, i.e. to develop the power industry in Hungary. Under his leadership, the Ganz factory soon became the pioneer in AC electronics. In 1883, the National Theatre of Budapest was fitted with lights by Ganz: this was the first alternating current, incandescent lighting system in Hungary. One of their AC generators, the ‘giant steam lighting machine’ illuminated the Keleti Railway Station for 30 years.

Invented: transformer and the AC energy distribution system (with Miksa Déri and Ottó Bláthy, 1889).

Credited with: economical transmission and distribution of light to long distances.

Károly Zipernowsky

Dávid Schwartz

(1850 – 1897)

Inventor of the Airship.

Commissioned by the German army, he constructed the first dirigible airship in 1896, which was tested with partial success on November 3, 1897. He soon received a telegram from the German government informing him that his invention had been accepted. After the groundbreaking inventor’s untimely death, Baron Zeppelin purchased the plans and the patent from his widow in 1898.

Invented: airship (1896).

(1850 – 1897)

Inventor of the Airship.

Commissioned by the German army, he constructed the first dirigible airship in 1896, which was tested with partial success on November 3, 1897. He soon received a telegram from the German government informing him that his invention had been accepted. After the groundbreaking inventor’s untimely death, Baron Zeppelin purchased the plans and the patent from his widow in 1898.

Invented: airship (1896).

Dávid Schwartz

Joseph Petzval

(1807 – 1891)

Inventor, physicist, mathematician. One of the founders of Photography.

 His outstanding work allowed for construction of modern cameras and made practical portrait-photography possible. He is considered to be one of the founders of geometrical optics, modern photography and cinematography.

Invented: the photographic objective lens, the darkroom, the opera glass; perfected the telescope.

Credited with: Discovery of the Laplace transform and other extensive work on aberration in optical lenses.

(1807 – 1891)

Inventor, physicist, mathematician. One of the founders of Photography.

 His outstanding work allowed for construction of modern cameras and made practical portrait-photography possible. He is considered to be one of the founders of geometrical optics, modern photography and cinematography.

Invented: the photographic objective lens, the darkroom, the opera glass; perfected the telescope.

Credited with: Discovery of the Laplace transform and other extensive work on aberration in optical lenses.

Joseph Petzval

Donat Bánki

(1859 – 1922)

Mechanical engineer.

He was a pioneer in motorization. With the carburetor, he assisted the development of automobiles, as previously no method was known to correctly mix the fuel and air for engines.

Invented: the carburetor (with János Csonka, 1893), the high-compression engine (1898) with a dual carburetor.

Credited with: invention of the crossflow turbine.

(1859 – 1922)

Mechanical engineer.

He was a pioneer in motorization. With the carburetor, he assisted the development of automobiles, as previously no method was known to correctly mix the fuel and air for engines.

Invented: the carburetor (with János Csonka, 1893), the high-compression engine (1898) with a dual carburetor.

Credited with: invention of the crossflow turbine.

Donat Bánki

Géza Jakó

(1930 – )

Physician, scientist, educator.

White House advisor for Cancer to Presidents Reagan and Bush Sr. Pioneer of human cochlear stimulation for deafness. Jako had a big role in establishing emergency medical services in Budapest at the start of the ill-fated Hungarian Revolution (1956).

Invented: soft-tissue microsurgery, laser surgery, minimally invasive surgery.

(1930 – 2015)

Physician, scientist, educator.

White House advisor for Cancer to Presidents Reagan and Bush Sr. Pioneer of human cochlear stimulation for deafness. Jako had a big role in establishing emergency medical services in Budapest at the start of the ill-fated Hungarian Revolution (1956).

Invented: soft-tissue microsurgery, laser surgery, minimally invasive surgery.

Géza Jakó

Béla Barényi

(1907 – 1997)

Engineer, auto safety pioneer. The ‘Father of Passive Safety’.

He created the field of passive safety, acquiring more than 2,500 patents in many classifications including sleds, ships, airplanes and automobiles. He developed many vital safety innovations.

Invented: basic design of the VW Beetle (1925), collapsible steering column, non-deformable passenger cell.

Credited with: Safety belt.

 

 

(1907 – 1997)

Engineer, auto safety pioneer. The ‘Father of Passive Safety’.

He created the field of passive safety, acquiring more than 2,500 patents in many classifications including sleds, ships, airplanes and automobiles. He developed many vital safety innovations.

Invented: basic design of the VW Beetle (1925), collapsible steering column, non-deformable passenger cell.

Credited with: Safety belt.

 

 

Béla Barényi

Loránd von Eötvös

(1848 – 1919)

Mathematician.

His inventions made it possible to explore for natural resources like oil, coal and different ores.

Invented: the method and tool to measure gravity.

Credited with: the Eötvös Law of Capillarity, the Eötvös Unit of Gravitation, the Eötvös Gravitational Torsion Balance, the Eötvös Effect, invention of instruments used to measure terrestrial magnetism for decades to come.

(1848 – 1919)

Mathematician.

His inventions made it possible to explore for natural resources like oil, coal and different ores.

Invented: the method and tool to measure gravity.

Credited with: the Eötvös Law of Capillarity, the Eötvös Unit of Gravitation, the Eötvös Gravitational Torsion Balance, the Eötvös Effect, invention of instruments used to measure terrestrial magnetism for decades to come.

Loránd von Eötvös

János Irinyi

(1817 – 1895)

Chemist.‘Father of safety matches’.

He wrote several articles on chemistry and published his textbook for schools entitled ‘The Elements of Chemistry’. Regent-President of Hungary Lajos Kossuth assigned him to direct the manufacture of guns and gunpowder, and put him in charge of supervising the national factories.

Invented: silent and non-explosive matches (1836).

(1817 – 1895)

Chemist.‘Father of safety matches’.

He wrote several articles on chemistry and published his textbook for schools entitled ‘The Elements of Chemistry’. Regent-President of Hungary Lajos Kossuth assigned him to direct the manufacture of guns and gunpowder, and put him in charge of supervising the national factories.

Invented: silent and non-explosive matches (1836).

János Irinyi

Béla Schick

(1877 – 1967)

Pediatric doctor, researcher.

Pioneer in immunology. He made important studies on scarlet fever, tuberculosis and the nutrition for infants, but gained international renown for the ‘Schick test’. It eventually led to the eradication of many childhood diseases.

Invented: ‘Schick test’ (for determining susceptibility to diphtheria).

Credited with: coordination of a five-year campaign (that virtually eliminated diphtheria).

(1877 – 1967)

Pediatric doctor, researcher.

Pioneer in immunology. He made important studies on scarlet fever, tuberculosis and the nutrition for infants, but gained international renown for the ‘Schick test’. It eventually led to the eradication of many childhood diseases.

Invented: ‘Schick test’ (for determining susceptibility to diphtheria).

Credited with: coordination of a five-year campaign (that virtually eliminated diphtheria).

Béla Schick

Adolf Zukor

(1873 – 1976)

Film mogul, director, producer. ‘Founder of Paramount Pictures’.

He became involved in the motion picture industry when in 1903 his cousin approached him for a loan. Zukor not only gave the money but insisted on forming a partnership. In 1912, he established Famous Players in Famous Plays as the American distribution company for the French film production. The next year, he obtained the financial backing of the Frohman brothers. Their primary goal was to bring noted stage actors to the screen, and they created the Famous Players Film Company. Later, it evolved into Paramount Pictures, of which he served as president until 1936.

Invented: organized production, distribution and exhibition within a single company.

Credited with: Paramount Pictures (1933) (earlier: Famous Players Film Company, Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation – 1927).

(1873 – 1976)

Film mogul, director, producer. ‘Founder of Paramount Pictures’.

He became involved in the motion picture industry when in 1903 his cousin approached him for a loan. Zukor not only gave the money but insisted on forming a partnership. In 1912, he established Famous Players in Famous Plays as the American distribution company for the French film production. The next year, he obtained the financial backing of the Frohman brothers. Their primary goal was to bring noted stage actors to the screen, and they created the Famous Players Film Company. Later, it evolved into Paramount Pictures, of which he served as president until 1936.

Invented: organized production, distribution and exhibition within a single company.

Credited with: Paramount Pictures (1933) (earlier: Famous Players Film Company, Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation – 1927).

Adolf Zukor

János Csonka

 (1852 – 1939)

One of the greatest figures of the Hungarian engineering industry.

With the carburetor he greatly contributed to technical development of the world. He had no university degree; he was self-educated in many fields.

Invented: carburetor (with Donat Banki, 1893).

 (1852 – 1939)

One of the greatest figures of the Hungarian engineering industry.

With the carburetor he greatly contributed to technical development of the world. He had no university degree; he was self-educated in many fields.

Invented: carburetor (with Donat Banki, 1893).

János Csonka

Abraham Ganz

(1814 – 1867)

Swiss-born Hungarian Iron Manufacturer, Machine and Technical Engineer. ‘Father of Ganz Industries’.

In 1844, he opened an ironworks in Buda. He invented the first long-lasting locomotive and railway carriage wheel, so his company took a great part in the railway revolution in the Austro-Hungarian Kingdom and beyond. His invention was so successful he had no possible imitators or competitors. Later Ganz Industries produced various technical devices based on in-house patnets. András Mechwart continued his work at the company. With his lead it became one of the most prominent companies in Austria-Hungary after 1869. After 120 years of operation, the original factory closed down and was transformed into a Museum, which is open to this day. After inheriting 170 years of pride and tradition, the legal successors of the company are still in business under the original name.

Founded: Ganz Industries.

(1814 – 1867)

Swiss-born Hungarian Iron Manufacturer, Machine and Technical Engineer. ‘Father of Ganz Industries’.

In 1844, he opened an ironworks in Buda. He invented the first long-lasting locomotive and railway carriage wheel, so his company took a great part in the railway revolution in the Austro-Hungarian Kingdom and beyond. His invention was so successful he had no possible imitators or competitors. Later Ganz Industries produced various technical devices based on in-house patnets. András Mechwart continued his work at the company. With his lead it became one of the most prominent companies in Austria-Hungary after 1869. After 120 years of operation, the original factory closed down and was transformed into a Museum, which is open to this day. After inheriting 170 years of pride and tradition, the legal successors of the company are still in business under the original name.

Founded: Ganz Industries.

Abraham Ganz

Pál Erdös

(1913 – 1996)

Legendary mathematician. ‘The Greatest Mathematician of the 20th Century’.

Prolific and eccentric. Erdös wrote over 1,500 papers, books and articles – more than any mathematician in history – regarding areas such as combinatorics, graph theory, number theory, classical analysis, approximation theory, set theory, and probability theory. He had no home, no possessions, no family, and no life beyond mathematics.

 (1913 – 1996)

Legendary mathematician. ‘The Greatest Mathematician of the 20th Century’.

Prolific and eccentric. Erdös wrote over 1,500 papers, books and articles – more than any mathematician in history – regarding areas such as combinatorics, graph theory, number theory, classical analysis, approximation theory, set theory, and probability theory. He had no home, no possessions, no family, and no life beyond mathematics.

Pál Erdös

Csaba Horváth

(1930 – 2004)

Chemical engineer.

The American Chemical Society lists Prof. Csaba Horváth among greats like Watson and Crick, Linus Pauling, Pierre and Marie Curie and Ernest Rutherford. Along with J. Calvin Giddings and J.F.K. Huber, he came up with the concept of the first HPLC (high-pressure liquid chromatography) instruments. His technique made possible quantitative analysis of complex biological mixtures.

Invented: molecular separations using HPLC (mid-1960s).

Credited with: HPLC, advances in other some areas (biomedicine, pharmacology, biotechnology).

(1930 – 2004)

Chemical engineer.

The American Chemical Society lists Prof. Csaba Horváth among greats like Watson and Crick, Linus Pauling, Pierre and Marie Curie and Ernest Rutherford. Along with J. Calvin Giddings and J.F.K. Huber, he came up with the concept of the first HPLC (high-pressure liquid chromatography) instruments. His technique made possible quantitative analysis of complex biological mixtures.

Invented: molecular separations using HPLC (mid-1960s).

Credited with: HPLC, advances in other some areas (biomedicine, pharmacology, biotechnology).

Csaba Horváth

John Kemeny

(1926 – 1992)

Mathematician. ‘Father of Microcomputing’.

President of Dartmouth, leader and innovator in mathematics education. Manhattan Project Mathematician. His BASIC computer language is often considered the beginner’s bible in computing, and is included with almost every microcomputer.

Invented: BASIC (Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) computer language (with Thomas Kurtz, 1964), True BASIC (with Thomas Kurtz, 1980s).

(1926 – 1992)

Mathematician. ‘Father of Microcomputing’.

President of Dartmouth, leader and innovator in mathematics education. Manhattan Project Mathematician. His BASIC computer language is often considered the beginner’s bible in computing, and is included with almost every microcomputer.

Invented: BASIC (Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) computer language (with Thomas Kurtz, 1964), True BASIC (with Thomas Kurtz, 1980s).

John Kemeny

József Dallos

(1905 – 1979)

Physician. ‘Invented the contact lens’.

He perfected the method of making molds of living eyes. This enabled the manufacture of lenses that, for the first time, conformed to the actual shape of the eye. He was a real pioneer in scleral lenses and was one of the first to recognize and discuss internal or lenticular astigmatism.

Invented: the first practical contact lenses, a glass-molding technique that allowed the lens to take on the characteristics of the sclerotic membrane.

(1905 – 1979)

Physician. ‘Invented the contact lens’.

He perfected the method of making molds of living eyes. This enabled the manufacture of lenses that, for the first time, conformed to the actual shape of the eye. He was a real pioneer in scleral lenses and was one of the first to recognize and discuss internal or lenticular astigmatism.

Invented: the first practical contact lenses, a glass-molding technique that allowed the lens to take on the characteristics of the sclerotic membrane.

József Dallos

Benjamin Lax

(1915 – )

Electrical engineer, physicist. ‘Semiconductor and magneto-optics pioneer’.

In 1955, he realized that the creation of continuous and stabile magnetic fields of the order of 250,000 gauss or more would open up an entire new area of research into basic physics. For this purpose, the Francis Bitter National Magnetic Laboratories in (MIT) was built, after he and his colleagues had convinced the Air Force to do so. In 1960, he became its director. He was instrumental in starting the semiconductor laser effort at Lincoln Laboratories. Lax pioneered the important phenomenon of cyclotron resonance in semiconductors. He then extended these techniques to high magnetic fields (MR) and to the infrared and opened up a new field of modern magneto-optics in semiconductors and semi-metals.

Invented: radar height finder, radar meteorology.

Credited with: ‘fundamental contributions to microwave and IR spectroscopy of semiconductors’.

(1915 – 2015)

Electrical engineer, physicist. ‘Semiconductor and magneto-optics pioneer’.

In 1955, he realized that the creation of continuous and stabile magnetic fields of the order of 250,000 gausses or more would open up an entirely new area of research into basic physics. For this purpose, the Francis Bitter National Magnetic Laboratories in (MIT) was built, after he and his colleagues had convinced the Air Force to do so. In 1960, he became its director. He was instrumental in starting the semiconductor laser effort at Lincoln Laboratories. Lax pioneered the important phenomenon of cyclotron resonance in semiconductors. He then extended these techniques to high magnetic fields (MR) and to the infrared and opened up a new field of modern magneto-optics in semiconductors and semi-metals.

Invented: radar height finder, radar meteorology.

Credited with: ‘fundamental contributions to microwave and IR spectroscopy of semiconductors’.

Benjamin Lax

János Kabay

(1896 – 1936)

Chemist.

In 1928, Kabay’s breakthrough in the field of morphine extraction produced a commercially feasible morphine extraction process.

Invented: isolation of morphine directly from the plant, poppy straw processing.

(1896 – 1936)

Chemist.

In 1928, Kabay’s breakthrough in the field of morphine extraction produced a commercially feasible morphine extraction process.

Invented: isolation of morphine directly from the plant, poppy straw processing.

János Kabay

William Fox

(1879 – 1952)(born Vilmos Fried)

Producer and Hollywood mogul. Founder of Fox Studios.

He was the founder of Fox Studios based in LA, California. At the peak of his power, Fox owned over 500 movie houses in the US and the Gaumont theatre chain in Great Britain.

Invented: the global media newsgathering organization (emulated today by CNN, BBC, ITN, DW and others), commercialization of talking pictures.

Credited with: larger movie screen.

(1879 – 1952)(born Vilmos Fried)

Producer and Hollywood mogul. Founder of Fox Studios.

He was the founder of Fox Studios based in LA, California. At the peak of his power, Fox owned over 500 movie houses in the US and the Gaumont theatre chain in Great Britain.

Invented: the global media newsgathering organization (emulated today by CNN, BBC, ITN, DW and others), commercialization of talking pictures.

Credited with: larger movie screen.

William Fox
  • Joseph Pulitzer
  • Ágoston Haraszthy
  • Charles Simonyi
  • Andrew Grove
  • Peter Carl Goldmark
  • Dennis Gábor
  • Ernő Rubik
  • Laszlo Josef Biro
  • Theodore von Kármán
  • Edward Teller
  • Eugene Wigner
  • John Charles Harsanyi
  • John von Neumann
  • György Oláh
  • Oscar Asbóth
  • János Selye
  • Mihály Csíkszentmihályi
  • Kálmán Tihanyi
  • Rudolf Emil Kálmán
  • Harry Houdini
  • Joseph Galamb
  • Ferenc Pavlics
  • Albert Szent-Györgyi
  • Leó Szilárd
  • Tivadar Puskás
  • Zoltán Bay
  • Ányos István Jedlik
  • Ottó Titusz Bláthy
  • Miksa Déri
  • Kálmán Kandó
  • Mária Telkes
  • Károly Zipernowsky
  • Dávid Schwartz
  • Joseph Petzval
  • Donat Bánki
  • Géza Jakó
  • Béla Barényi
  • Loránd von Eötvös
  • János Irinyi
  • Béla Schick
  • Adolf Zukor
  • János Csonka
  • Abraham Ganz
  • Pál Erdös
  • Csaba Horváth
  • John Kemeny
  • József Dallos
  • Benjamin Lax
  • János Kabay
  • William Fox